![]() Three studies reported FPI at 30 and 60 minutes 17, 19, 25 and 2 studies at 90 and 120 minutes. Data Synthesis Short-Term Outcomesįive studies reported PPG levels at 30 minutes, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25 4 studies at 60 minutes, 16, 17, 19, 25 and 3 studies at 90 and 120 minutes. Hence, there was low risk of bias with regard to incompleteness of outcome data. There was no missing outcome data for the short-term studies, and it was negligible for long-term studies. All primary and secondary outcomes were assessed objectively in all the studies hence, studies were judged as “Low” risk of bias for outcome assessment. One study required subjects to maintain a dietary record. Baseline characteristics were reported collectively for Johnston et al 12 and were hence assessed as “Unclear.” Despite lack of blinding, most studies were judged as having a low risk of performance bias as there was either little opportunity to introduce considerable differences in the treatment arms being compared or investigators attempted to prevent the subjects from changing their practices during the study period. All studies except one (Johnston et al 12) had balanced baseline characteristics in both vinegar and control groups. Overall, the studies were assessed as having a low risk of bias. Funding source was looked for potential conflict of interest. Selective outcome reporting was ascertained by comparing commonly reported outcomes across studies with the ones reported in any particular study. Completeness of outcome data was checked by comparing the number of individuals with diabetes in the demographic and outcome tables and reviewing the study flow chart. Details describing uniformity in outcome assessment throughout the study period and across study arms as well as blinding of outcome assessor were looked for. Details describing methods to ensure uniform diabetes mellitus management, that is, blinding and follow-up duration, were looked for. For crossover trials, in addition, length of washout period was also looked for. For parallel-group randomized controlled trials, random sequence generation and allocation concealment methods were sought for balanced baseline characteristics. 31, 32 Included studies were assessed for the following risk of bias domains: (1) balanced baseline characteristics, (2) uniform patient management, (3) uniform outcome assessment, (4) complete outcome reporting, (5) selective reporting and other aspects that were likely to introduce bias but not captured by the preceding domains. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess internal validity with addition of a few domains relevant to special trial designs, for example, crossover design. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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